Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach to Estimate Ecological Footprint in Pakistan

The aim of the study is to explore various variables that lead Pakistan's environmental deterioration. impact macroeconomic factors deterioration investigated fulfill objective study. determinants on degradation from 1990 2020 was explored in this dependent variable Ecological Footprint, which used as a proxy for deterioration, whereas independent are Trade openness, Urbanization, foreign direct investment, and per capita income growth. However, square also included model verify phenomena Kuznets curve. variable's stationarity checked unit root test (ADF PP), indicated it exists at first difference. According result stationary ARDL cointegration applied. showed long run relation among variable. coefficient GDP positive squared negative, means if there consistent rise GDP, then negative effect will overcome level GDP. Beyond point increase reduce ecological footprint. This phenomenon discussed earlier